This table shows the threats identified for each conservation target. Identified threats are included, regardless of the level of impact they may have.
Conservation Target	Stress	Source(s) of Stress
Estuarine Aquatic Habitat Targets
Large riverine reach	Habitat degradation (sediment starvation/erosion)	Dam operations
	Competition from undesirable exotic plant species	Residential development (purple loosestrife planted in gardens)
		Other unidentified sources
	Altered hydrology	Dam operations
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
Upper estuarine (undredged) river channel	Altered hydrology	Dam operations
	Increased sedimentation	Historical and current forest management practices
		Urban development
	Habitat loss and degradation	Commercial shipping (dredging)
	Exposure to sediment-associated contaminants	Commercial and industrial development
		Urban development (commercial and municipal wastewater)
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Resuspension of contaminated sediments
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
Lower estuarine (dredged) river channel	Habitat degradation	Commercial shipping (dredging)
	Increased sedimentation	Historical and current forest management practices
		Urban development
	Exposure to sediment-associated contaminants	Commercial and industrial development
		Urban development (commercial and municipal wastewater)
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Resuspension of contaminated sediments
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
Upper estuary flats	Habitat loss or degradation (loss of vegetation)	Commercial shipping (floating and other vegetation lost in historical dredging, early harbor development)
		Other potential, unconfirmed sources
	Competition from undesirable exotic plant species	Residential development (purple loosestrife originating from gardens)
		Other unidentified sources
	Increased sedimentation	Historical and current forest management practices
		Urban development
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Resuspension of contaminated sediments
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
	Altered hydrology	Dam operations
	Exposure to sediment-associated contaminants	Commercial and industrial development
		Urban development (commercial and municipal wastewater)
Sheltered bays	Increased sedimentation	Urban development (erosion associated with stormwater management)
		Historical and current forest management practices
	Habitat loss	Commercial and industrial development (historical filling to create land)
		Commercial shipping (historical filling to dispose of dredge materials; potential for more filling)
	Competition from undesirable exotic plant species	Residential development (purple loosestrife originating from gardens)
		Other unidentified sources
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Resuspension of contaminated sediments
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
	Exposure to sediment-associated contaminants	Commercial and industrial development
		Urban development (commercial and municipal wastewater)
Clay-influenced river mouths	Increased sedimentation	Urban development (erosion associated with stormwater management)
		Historical and current forest management practices
	Competition from undesirable exotic plant species	Residential development (purple loosestrife originating from gardens)
		Highway plantings, other unidentified sources
	Altered hydrology	Historical and current forest management practices (higher runoff associated with altered forest structure, composition)
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
	Exposure to sediment-associated contaminants	Commercial and industrial development
		Urban development (commercial and municipal wastewater)
Industrially-influenced bays	Increased sedimentation	Urban development (erosion associated with stormwater management)
		Historical and current forest management practices
	Exposure to sediment-associated contaminants	Commercial and industrial development
		Urban development (commercial and municipal wastewater)
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Resuspension of contaminated sediments
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
Lower estuary (industrial) flats	Habitat loss	Commercial shipping (floating and other vegetation lost in historical dredging, early harbor development)
		Commercial and industrial development (historical filling to create land)
	Habitat degradation	Commercial and industrial development  (historical and on-going dumping of waste such as slag, wood fill, wood slabs)
	Increased sedimentation	Urban development (erosion associated with stormwater management)
		Historical and current forest management practices
	Exposure to sediment-associated contaminants	Commercial and industrial development
		Urban development (commercial and municipal wastewater)
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Resuspension of contaminated sediments
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
Industrial slips	Habitat disturbance	Commercial shipping
	Exposure to sediment-associated contaminants	Commercial and industrial development
		Urban development (commercial and municipal wastewater)
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Resuspension of contaminated sediments
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
	Increased sedimentation	Urban development (erosion associated with stormwater management)
		Historical and current forest management practices
Clay-influenced bay	Competition from undesirable exotic plant species	Urban development (purple loosestrife originating from gardens)
		Highway plantings, other unidentified sources
	Increased sedimentation	Urban development (erosion associated with stormwater management)
		Historical and current forest management practices
	Exposure to sediment-associated contaminants	Commercial and industrial development
		Urban development (commercial and municipal wastewater)
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Resuspension of contaminated sediments
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
Clay-influenced tributaries	Altered hydrology	Urban development
		Historical and current forest management practices
		Agricultural runoff
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
Bedrock-influenced tributaries	Altered hydrology	Urban development
		Historical and current forest management practices
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
Conservation Target	Stress	Source(s) of Stress
Estuarine Plant Community Targets
Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Complex	Habitat loss	Industrial and commercial development (historical dredging, filling to create land, etc.)
		Commercial shipping (potential future filling of habitat)
	Competition from undesirable exotic plant species	Residential development (purple loosestrife originating from gardens)
		Highway plantings, other unidentified sources
	Increased sedimentation	Urban development (erosion associated with stormwater management)
		Historical and current forest management practices
	Exposure to sediment-associated contaminants	Commercial and industrial development
		Urban development (commercial and municipal wastewater)
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Resuspension of contaminated sediments
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
	Altered hydrology	Dam operations
Conservation Target	Stress	Source(s) of Stress
Baymouth Bar Community Targets
Beaches	Habitat loss	Residential and commercial development (permanent structures cause beach erosion)
Beachgrass dunes	Habitat degradation	Recreational activities
	Competition from undesirable exotic plant species	Residential development
Dune shrublands	Habitat degradation	Recreational activities; fire suppression?
	Habitat loss	Residential development
	Competition from undesirable exotic plant species	Residential development
Interdunal wetlands	Habitat loss	Residential development
	Competition from undesirable exotic plant species	Residential development
Dune pine forests	Habitat loss	Residential and commercial development (historical and future)
	Altered recruitment/succession	Fire suppression; white pine blister rust
	Altered fire regime	Fire suppression
	Competition from undesirable exotic plant species	Residential development
Conservation Target	Stress	Source(s) of Stress
Upland Forest Community Targets
White pine-red pine forests	Altered species composition and structure	Historical logging activities
		Intense slash fires that destroyed organic soil layer in some areas
	Altered growth stage distributions	Altered water table due to historical logging activities
		Current incompatible forestry practices
	Altered recruitment/succession	Excessive deer browse
	Altered fire regime	Fire suppression
	Habitat loss	Urban development
Northern hardwoods forest	Altered species composition and structure	Historical logging activities
Northern conifer-hardwoods forest		Intense slash fires that destroyed organic soil layer in some areas
	Altered growth stage distributions	Altered water table due to historical logging activities
		Current incompatible forestry practices
	Altered recruitment/succession	Excessive deer browse
	Habitat loss	Urban development
Spruce-fir boreal forest	Altered species composition and structure	Historical logging activities
		Intense slash fires that destroyed organic soil layer in some areas
	Altered growth stage distributions	Altered water table due to historical logging activities
		Current incompatible forestry practices
	Altered recruitment/succession	Excessive deer browse
	Altered fire regime	Fire suppression
	Habitat loss	Urban development
Conservation Target	Stress	Source(s) of Stress
Other Inland Plant Community Targets
Eroding clay bluffs	Habitat degradation	Historical and current forest management practices
		Urban development (associated stormwater management)
	Altered hydrology	Historical and current forest management practices
		Urban development
Clay seeps	Habitat degradation	Historical and current forest management practices
		Urban development (associated stormwater management)
	Altered hydrology	Historical and current forest management practices
		Urban development
Conifer swamps	Habitat loss or degradation	Urban development
	Altered fire regime	Fire suppression
	Altered hydrology	Urban development and associated roads
		Historical and current forest management practices
Hardwood swamps	Competition from undesirable exotic plant species	Residential development
		Highway plantings
	Habitat loss or degradation	Urban development
	Altered hydrology	Urban development, roads
		Historical and current forest management practices
	Increased sedimentation	Urban development
		Historical and current forest management practices
Shrub swamps	Habitat loss	Urban, other development
	Altered hydrology	Urban development
		Historical and current forest management practices
	Competition from undesirable exotic plant species	Residential development
		Highway plantings
	Altered nutrient regime	Urban development (associated stormwater management)
	Increased sedimentation	Urban development
		Historical and current forest management practices
	Altered fire regime/ successional pathways?	Fire suppression
Inland marshes	Habitat loss	Urban, other development
	Altered hydrology	Urban development
	Competition from undesirable exotic plant species	Residential development
		Highway plantings
	Increased sedimentation	Urban development
		Historical and current forest management practices
	Altered nutrient regime	Urban development (associated stormwater management)
Wet meadows	Habitat loss	Urban, other development
	Altered hydrology	Urban development
	Competition from undesirable exotic plant species	Residential development
		Highway plantings
	Increased sedimentation	Urban development
		Historical and current forest management practices
	Altered nutrient regime	Urban development (associated stormwater management)
	Habitat disturbance	Recreational activities (off-road vehicles)
Fens	Habitat loss	Urban, other development
	Altered hydrology	Urban development
	Competition from undesirable exotic plant species	Residential development
		Highway plantings
	Increased sedimentation	Urban development
		Historical and current forest management practices
	Altered nutrient regime	Urban development (associated stormwater management)
	Habitat disturbance	Recreational activities (off-road vehicles)
Cliffs and rock outcrops	Habitat disturbance or degradation	Recreational activities
Conservation Target	Stress	Source(s) of Stress
Species Targets
Native fish assemblage	Competition from undesirable exotic animal species	Commercial shipping (releases from ballast water)
		Recreational boating
		Anglers, bait-shops
		Other accidental introductions
	Exposure to sediment-associated contaminants	Commercial and industrial development
		Urban development (commercial and municipal wastewater)
	Habitat loss	Commercial and industrial development (historical and future)
		Commercial shipping (potential filling of habitat)
		Increased sedimentation
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Resuspension of contaminated sediments
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
	Increased sedimentation	Urban development
		Historical and current forest management practices
Lake sturgeon	Population reduction	Historical overfishing
	Competition from undesirable exotic animal species	Commercial shipping (releases from ballast water)
		Recreational boating
		Other accidental introductions
	Exposure to sediment-associated contaminants	Commercial and industrial development
		Urban development (commercial and municipal wastewater)
	Habitat loss	Commercial and industrial development (dams in estuary and across species’ range eliminated spawning habitat)
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Resuspension of contaminated sediments
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
	Increased sedimentation	Urban development
		Historical and current forest management practices
Native mussel assemblage	Competition from undesirable exotic animal species	Commercial shipping (releases from ballast water)
		Recreational boating
	Habitat loss	Commercial shipping (historical dredging eliminated many areas of firm substrate)
	Exposure to sediment-associated contaminants	Commercial and industrial development
		Urban development (commercial and municipal wastewater)
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Resuspension of contaminated sediments
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
	Increased sedimentation	Urban development
		Historical and current forest management practices
Migratory and breeding bird aggregations	Habitat loss	Commercial, industrial, and residential development (historical and future)
		Historical logging activities
	Habitat degradation	Current incompatible forestry practices
		Non-native and invasive species
		Fire suppression
		Increased sedimentation
	Exposure to sediment-associated contaminants	Commercial and industrial development
		Urban development (commercial and municipal wastewater)
	Degraded water quality	Urban development (nutrients, sediments, pesticides, road runoff)
		Resuspension of contaminated sediments
		Historical and current forest management practices (sediments/hydrological alterations)
		Other point and non-point sources
	Increased sedimentation	Urban development
		Historical and current forest management practices
Piping plover	Habitat loss	Urban development
		Vegetation succession
	Direct disturbance of nesting birds	Recreational activities
	Competition	Ring-billed gulls